The TCP/IP protocol suite maps to a four-layer conceptual model known as the DARPA model, which was named after the U.S. government agency that initially developed TCP/IP. The four layers of the DARPA model are: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface. Each layer in the DARPA model corresponds to one or more layers of the seven-layer OSI model.
Figure shows the architecture of the TCP/IP protocol suite. The TCP/IP protocol suite has two sets of protocols at the Internet layer: IPv4, also known as IP, is the Internet layer in common use today on private intranets and the Internet. IPv6 is the new Internet layer that will eventually replace the existing IPv4 Internet layer.
Network Interface Layer The Network Interface Layer (also called the Network Access Layer) sends TCP/IP packets on the network medium and receives TCP/IP packets off the network medium. TCP/IP was designed to be independent of the network access method, frame format, and medium. Therefore, you can use TCP/IP to communicate across differing network types that use LAN technologies – such as Ethernet and 802.11 wireless LAN – and WAN technologies – such as Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). By being independent of any specific network technology, TCP/IP can be adapted to new technologies. The Network Interface layer of the DARPA model encompasses the Data Link and Physical layers of the OSI model. The Internet layer of the DARPA model does not take advantage of sequencing and acknowledgment services that might be present in the Data Link layer of the OSI model. The
Internet layer assumes an unreliable Network Interface layer and that reliable communications through session establishment and the sequencing and acknowledgment of packets is the responsibility of either the Transport layer or the Application layer.
Internet Layer The Internet layer responsibilities include addressing, packaging, and routing functions. The Internet layer is analogous to the Network layer of the OSI model.
The core protocols for the IPv4 Internet layer consist of the following:
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) resolves the Internet layer address to a Network
Interface layer address such as a hardware address.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a routable protocol that addresses, routes, fragments and reassembles packets. The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) reports errors and other information to help you diagnose unsuccessful packet delivery. The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) manages IP multicast groups.
Transport Layer The Transport layer (also known as the Host-to-Host Transport layer) provides the Application layer with session and datagram communication services. The Transport layer encompasses the responsibilities of the OSI Transport layer. The core protocols of the Transport layer are TCP and UDP. TCP provides a one-to-one, connection-oriented, reliable communications service. TCP establishes connections, sequences and acknowledges packets sent, and recovers packets lost during transmission. In contrast to TCP, UDP provides a one-to-one or one-to-many, connectionless, unreliable communications service. UDP is used when the amount of data to be transferred is small (such as the data that would fit into a single packet), when an application developer does not want the overhead associated with TCP connections, or when the applications or upper-layer protocols provide reliable delivery. TCP and UDP operate over both IPv4 and IPv6 Internet layers.
Application Layer The Application layer allows applications to access the services of the other layers, and it defines the protocols that applications use to exchange data. The Application layer contains many protocols, and more are always being developed. The most widely known Application layer protocols help users exchange information: The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) transfers files that make up pages on the World Wide Web.
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) transfers individual files, typically for an interactive user session.
The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) transfers mail messages and attachments. Additionally, the following Application layer protocols help you use and manage TCP/IP networks:
The Domain Name System (DNS) protocol resolves a host name, such a www.cisco.com, to an IP address and copies name information between DNS servers.
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a protocol that routers use to exchange routing information on an IP network.
The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) collects and exchanges network management information between a network management console and network devices such as routers, bridges, and servers.
Windows Sockets and NetBIOS are examples of Application layer interfaces for TCP/IP applications.
Internet layer assumes an unreliable Network Interface layer and that reliable communications through session establishment and the sequencing and acknowledgment of packets is the responsibility of either the Transport layer or the Application layer.
Internet Layer The Internet layer responsibilities include addressing, packaging, and routing functions. The Internet layer is analogous to the Network layer of the OSI model.
The core protocols for the IPv4 Internet layer consist of the following:
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) resolves the Internet layer address to a Network
Interface layer address such as a hardware address.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a routable protocol that addresses, routes, fragments and reassembles packets. The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) reports errors and other information to help you diagnose unsuccessful packet delivery. The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) manages IP multicast groups.
Transport Layer The Transport layer (also known as the Host-to-Host Transport layer) provides the Application layer with session and datagram communication services. The Transport layer encompasses the responsibilities of the OSI Transport layer. The core protocols of the Transport layer are TCP and UDP. TCP provides a one-to-one, connection-oriented, reliable communications service. TCP establishes connections, sequences and acknowledges packets sent, and recovers packets lost during transmission. In contrast to TCP, UDP provides a one-to-one or one-to-many, connectionless, unreliable communications service. UDP is used when the amount of data to be transferred is small (such as the data that would fit into a single packet), when an application developer does not want the overhead associated with TCP connections, or when the applications or upper-layer protocols provide reliable delivery. TCP and UDP operate over both IPv4 and IPv6 Internet layers.
Application Layer The Application layer allows applications to access the services of the other layers, and it defines the protocols that applications use to exchange data. The Application layer contains many protocols, and more are always being developed. The most widely known Application layer protocols help users exchange information: The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) transfers files that make up pages on the World Wide Web.
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) transfers individual files, typically for an interactive user session.
The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) transfers mail messages and attachments. Additionally, the following Application layer protocols help you use and manage TCP/IP networks:
The Domain Name System (DNS) protocol resolves a host name, such a www.cisco.com, to an IP address and copies name information between DNS servers.
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a protocol that routers use to exchange routing information on an IP network.
The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) collects and exchanges network management information between a network management console and network devices such as routers, bridges, and servers.
Windows Sockets and NetBIOS are examples of Application layer interfaces for TCP/IP applications.
Draw and explain the architecture of the TCP/IP protocol suite.
Reviewed by enakta13
on
September 30, 2012
Rating:
Reviewed by enakta13
on
September 30, 2012
Rating: